1	What Motivated the Early Christian Health Missions? Anatomy of Transformation in India Dr.Vinod Shah Presented at CCIH Annual Conference, May 29, 2005
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3	Women’s disempowered status I Pregnant women were not allowed access to high caste practitioners Had to access low caste women traditional dais Dais were illiterate women
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7	TBA Donkey ride for pregnant women Massaging/kneading the abdomen Pulling on the cord Cow dung as lubricant Took responsibility for female-feticide and disposal of body
8	No “caring culture” Lepers were burnt or buried alive Sick in an “epidemic” were left to die Female children were sold to buy food during an epidemic Mentally retarded, handicapped were chained to trees Sick had no recourse to help
9	Caring not role modeled: Religion sans caring-II
10	Did god role model healing?
11	IMPORTANCE OF THE BODY & THE BODY SOUL DISSOCIATION-III THE JUDEO CHRISTIAN CONTEXT The Judeo Christian view would think of the person as one “whole” The body had intrinsic dignity however deformed or diseased. Even in death, the body needed to be respected
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15	High and low trust societies SENSE OF COMMUNITY-IV
16	THE ORTHODOX INDIAN CONTEXT
17	Cont.
18	Subjective culture vs Objective Low O/S ratio-V We believe that each organ of the body is influenced by some deity. When we deviate from the path of religion …the gods leave our side. This is why we fall sick.
19	Subjective cultures versus Objective cultures
20	Subjective cultures do not support scientific development because Interpret reality subjectively Access knowledge subjectively Subjective attitudes in justice and gender
21	Indian religions… In their fundamentals were subjective till Global influences reached them. WASAV (Widely Accepted & Shared Absolute Values) characterize an objective culture and needed for development. Polytheistic idolatry does not produce a WASAV culture.
22	Family versus truth-VI
23	Country Rank Country 2004 CPI Score* Confidence Range Surveys Used*
24	Family values & corruption Scale of familism (World Values survey code book 1994 & World Bank statistics) Correlates well with the CPI.(Regression analysis) Tribalism- Africa and India
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26	Women’s health Women medical missionaries ushered in “caring” for women Women in India did not access hospitals Only home visits allowed and that only by women doctors
27	Maharani’s locket Elizabeth Bielby-1880 Maharani of Panna Locket message to The Queen “The women of India Suffer greatly”
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31	Ida Scudder Not a medical college but the kingdom of God (1918)
32	Catherine-Methodist church- redefined access One Dr Catherine from the Methodist church in the US travelled by Ship for 6 months to Bombay To Raipur by train for a week Horse by several days to access the mission station called Bastar Methodist hospital built in 1892. Largest Methodist congregation in India
33	Transformation of women The highest number of women doctors in the world India is a huge “nurse factory” 1947-95% of all nurses were Christian! All traceable to the women’s medical colleges and nursing schools established by the missionaries
34	Ancient India did not have a culture of “care” By a “caring culture” I mean formalized caring eg. Orphanages/hospitals Religion was divorced from “loving your neighbor” No hospitals existed except during the time of King Asoka in 2^nd century BC Arya Vaidya Shalas existed for outpatient care for the privileged
35	In what was a caring “void” Christian Medical missionaries ushered in a culture of care The first hospital (Royal hospital,Goa)in 1514 AD and then thousands afterwards.. Orphanages…home for widows… Sanatoria for TB, leprosy homes and hospitals Programs for epidemic care
36	Social work in India… The kind of missionary work which we see in Christianity …that kind of this did not exist in India for a very long time. Now the social work being done in India…those going out to help and serve others is all because of missionary & global influences.
37	By 1940 AD…. There were 2000 Christian hospitals in India Close to 40% of all beds were made up of Christian hospitals TB sanatoria and leprosy institutions were predominantly Christian
38	Dr. Alexander Duff 1806-78 Pioneer missionary educationist English education can have a transformative effect on the Indian society Scripture education introduced but made optional “Downward filter theory”-working with High castes Schools and colleges -Calcutta, Madras and Bombay
39	Christians ushered in a culture of “care” Started many NGO’s that looked at specific needs of the poor and provided succor Role modeled caring Taught “caring”
40	Welfare-Social capital did not exist The only safety net for the poor was The joint family Individual philanthropy and The caste system
41	The concept of the voluntary sector…. Indian culture did not have this concept of “volunteerism” “Activism” for change was also not a part of Indian culture. (Barring a few exceptions no activists for social change)
42	The concept of the ”voluntary” sector….. Christian missionaries pioneered the NPO and NGO sector (Pande 1967,Terry 1983) 1810-1947 This time saw the emergence of major Christian voluntary sector church based and non-church based. (NGO’s) Hospitals, Schools, Orphanages and other welfare institutions flourished.
43	As a result …1825 onwards Many Hindu bourgeoisie who studied in English medium schools Started social reform organizations for the purpose of “caring” Care of widows & remarriage Care of orphans & preventing child marriage
44	The many champions of “caring” Some were Christians Some liked “Christian” values but were not Christians Most were provoked by the Christian gospel to “care” but remained Hindus
45	Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1774-1833) founder of “Brahmo Samaj”
46	Rishi Dayanand Saraswati 1824-83 Founded Arya Samaj Spoke against idol-worship, casteism and female subjugation Assassinated in 1883 AD
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48	Satyasodhak Samaj- Jyotirao Phule-1875 Educated in “The Scottish mission school” Became a great educationist Started “caring”institutions
49	Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar From 1854-55 he single-handedly wedged a battle against the extremist of the Hindu society and insisted in the implementation of the Widow-Remarriage Act in 1856.
50	As a result Indian religions were challenged to reform Vivekananda brought in a new understanding of Hinduism
51	Indian reformer Vivekananda 1863-1902 Father was given to reciting from the Bible-for amusement! Studied in Presidency college-Calcutta Later in Scottish church college studied English literature and western logic which brought into sharp focus the short comings of Indian society Was influenced by Raja Ram Mohan Roy also.
52	Vivekananda He elevated the status of the service of fellow beings to the level of real worship of God. (PS Kamanant) Established Ramakrishna mission which began caring
53	Ramakrishna mission was a reformist reaction to the Christian “caring” CalcuttaRamakrishna M. Institute of CultureAdvaitaAdvaita Ashram CalcuttaSRMSri Ramakrishna Math CalcuttaNarendrapurRamakrishna Mission College UdbodhanMother's HouseVidyapithRamakrishna VidyapithNew DelhiRamakrishna MissionRajkot/GujaratRamakrishna Mission AshramChennaiRamakrishna Math Mylapore ChennaiRamakrishna Mission AshramItanagarRamakrishna Mission Hospital APVidyapithRamakrishna Vidyapith ChennaiChengalpattuRamakrishna Mission Tamil NaduMaduraiRamakrishna Math CoimbatoreRamakrishna Mission Vidyalaya
54	Ramakrishna mission locale BangaloreVivekananda AshramKochiRamakrishna Math, KeralaRanchiRamakrishna MissionKaladiRamakrishna Advaita Ashram KeralaPuneRamakrishna Math and MissionHydrabadRamakrishna MathVaranasiRamakrishna M.- Home of Service RKMRamakrishna VidyashalaKayamkulamSri Ramakrishna Ashram, KeralaJharkhandTB Sanatorium - RanchiMangaloreRamakrishna Mission Ashram
55	Vivekananda Swami Vivekananda wrote in one of his letters : A hundred thousand men and women, will go over the length and breadth of the land, preaching the Gospel of salvation, the Gospel of help, the Gospel of social raising-up -- the Gospel of equality.
56	Karsondas Mulji-1832-71 Social Reformer, Educationist, Writer, Pamphleteer While in Elphinstone college…. influenced by missionary John Wilson The Primitive Religion of the Hindus and the Present Heterodox Opinions in his journal led to the famous Maharaja Libel Widow remarriage-helped many
57	Micheal Madusudandas English and Bengali writer 1824-1876 AD- became a Christian Both ‘The Captive Lady’ and ‘Visions of the Past’ were written under the pen name Timothy. Editor of “The Hindu Patriot”. He composed Bengali plays such as ‘Sharmistha’, ‘Ekey Bole Savyata’, ‘Buro Shaliker Ghare Ro’, ‘Krishnakumari’ and ‘Padmabati’. In most of his plays, he criticized the lack of “caring” present in the society.
58	Dadabhai Naoroji 1824-1917 Grand Old Man of India Studied in Elphinstone college-influenced by Dr Wilson Went from door to door recruiting girl students Freedom fighter-concerned for women Member of the house of commons
59	Initially Jains were into hospitals for birds and animals only Jain Bird hospital in Old Delhi Gaushalas are “old age homes” for cows
60	Jains now have many hospitals Bombay- Nanavati hospital, Sarvoday hospital, Matunga hospital, Lilavati hospital, Cardiac hospital in Matunga are all Jain. Surat Mahavir hospital is Jain Ahmedabad Vadilal Sarabhai hospital is Jain. Sri AmarJain hospital- Jaipur Bhagwan MahavirJain Hospital-Bangalore
61	In personal conversation with Jains We (Jains) will not survive as a religion unless we begin to care like the missionaries.. Now Jains go abroad and raise money from the US and the UK for their hospitals and projects
62	Emergence of Gandhian NGO’s From 1947 to 1960 onwards many new Gandhian NGO’s were started Hindu Kusht Nivaran Sangh was started at the behest of Gandhi. “Shame on us…why should missionaries… (Gandhi)
63	Mushrooming of NGO’s… Church related and Christian voluntary organizations led the way for the mushrooming of NGO’s Though not all the NGO’s are into welfare more than 100,000 NGO’s are into some form of caring
64	Ripple effect
65	Disaster 1947 onwards.. 700 Protestant hospitals in India Many Indian trained D & N No visionary leaders!! 400 Xian hospitals closed in 40 years
66	Missionary failure- Developed programs but not people
67	Programme Development to People Development - 2 Jesus – “Follow me and I will make you fishers of men”. Development of people more strategic than programs. Budgets do not reflect this – more used for programs. Learning from history – Disaster in India
68	Medical Missions - Custodians of the Culture of Care 3 Types of Caring Commercial caring Professional caring Christian caring
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